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Dewi Paramita Duhita
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Siti Chasanah
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Dede Sawira S
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grammar english
Basic Tenses
For past and present, there are 2 simple tenses + 6 complex tenses (using auxiliary verbs). To these, we can add 4 "modal tenses" for the future (using modal auxiliary verbs will/shall). This makes a total of 12 tenses in the active voice. Another 12 tenses are available in the passive voice. So now we have 24 tenses.
| 24 Tenses | past | present | future* | |
| ACTIVE | simple tenses | past | present | future |
| complex tenses
formed with
auxiliary verbs | past perfect | present perfect | future perfect | |
| past continuous | present continuous | future continuous | ||
| past perfect continuous | present perfect continuous | future perfect continuous | ||
| PASSIVE | past | present | future | |
| past perfect | present perfect | future perfect | ||
| past continuous | present continuous | future continuous | ||
| past perfect continuous | present perfect continuous | future perfect continuous | ||
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The use of tenses in English may be quite complicated, but the structure of English tenses is actually very simple. The basic structure for a positive sentence is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
An auxiliary verb is used in all tenses. (In the simple present and simple past tenses, the auxiliary verb is usually suppressed for the affirmative, but it does exist for intensification.) The following table shows the 12 tenses for the verb to work in the active voice.
| structure | past | present | future* | |||
| auxiliary | main verb | |||||
| simple | normal | | | I worked | I work | I will work |
| intensive | do | base | I did work | I do work | | |
| perfect | have | past participle | I had worked | I have worked | I will have worked | |
| continuous | be | present participle -ing | I was working | I am working | I will be working | |
| continuous perfect | have been | present participle -ing | I had been working | I have been working | I will have been working | |
* Technically, there are no future tenses in English. The word will is a modal auxiliary verb and future tenses are sometimes called "modal tenses". The examples are included here for convenience and comparison.
This page shows the basic tenses with the regular verb work. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
| positive: | + | subject + auxiliary verb + main verb | |
| negative: | - | subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb | |
| question: | ? | auxiliary verb + subject + main verb |
These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:
| base verb | past | past participle | present participle -ing |
| work | worked | worked | working |
| past | present | future | ||
| SIMPLE
do + base verb
(except future:
will + base verb) | + | I did work
I worked | I do work
I work | I will work |
| - | I did not work | I do not work | I will not work | |
| ? | Did I work? | Do I work? | Will I work? | |
| SIMPLE PERFECT
have + past participle | + | I had worked | I have worked | I will have worked |
| - | I had not worked | I have not worked | I will not have worked | |
| ? | Had I worked? | Have I worked? | Will I have worked? | |
| CONTINUOUS
be + ing | + | I was working | I am working | I will be working |
| - | I was not working | I am not working | I will not be working | |
| ? | Was I working? | Am I working? | Will I be working? | |
| CONTINUOUS PERFECT
have been + ing | + | I had been working | I have been working | I will have been working |
| - | I had not been working | I have not been working | I will not have been working | |
| ? | Had I been working? | Have I been working? | Will I have been working? | |
Basic Tenses: Irregular Verb
This page shows the basic tenses with the irregular verb sing. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
| positive: | + | subject + auxiliary verb + main verb | |
| negative: | - | subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb | |
| question: | ? | auxiliary verb + subject + main verb |
These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:
| base verb | past | past participle | present participle -ing |
| sing | sang | sung | singing |
| past | present | future | ||
| SIMPLE
do + base verb
(except future:
will + base verb) | + | I did sing
I sang | I do sing
I sing | I will sing |
| - | I did not sing | I do not sing | I will not sing | |
| ? | Did I sing? | Do I sing? | Will I sing? | |
| SIMPLE PERFECT
have + past participle | + | I had sung | I have sung | I will have sung |
| - | I had not sung | I have not sung | I will not have sung | |
| ? | Had I sung? | Have I sung? | Will I have sung? | |
| CONTINUOUS
be + -ing | + | I was singing | I am singing | I will be singing |
| - | I was not singing | I am not singing | I will not be singing | |
| ? | Was I singing? | Am I singing? | Will I be singing? | |
| CONTINUOUS PERFECT
have been + -ing | + | I had been singing | I have been singing | I will have been singing |
| - | I had not been singing | I have not been singing | I will not have been singing | |
| ? | Had I been singing? | Have I been singing? | Will I have been singing? | |
Basic Tenses: Be
This page shows the basic tenses with the verb be. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
| positive: | + | subject + auxiliary verb + main verb | |
| negative: | - | subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb | |
| question: | ? | auxiliary verb + subject + main verb |
But for simple past and simple present tenses, the structure is not the same. In fact, it's even easier. There is no auxiliary verb. Here is the structure:
| positive: | + | subject + main verb | |
| negative: | - | subject + main verb + not | |
| question: | ? | main verb + subject |
These are the forms of the main verb be that we use to construct the tenses:
| base | past simple | past participle | present participle | present simple |
| be | was, were | been | being | am, are, is |
| past | present | future | ||
| SIMPLE
present simple or past simple
(except future: will + be) | + | I was | I am | I will be |
| - | I was not | I am not | I will not be | |
| ? | Was I? | Am I? | Will I be? | |
| SIMPLE PERFECT
have + been | + | I had been | I have been | I will have been |
| - | I had not been | I have not been | I will not have been | |
| ? | Had I been? | Have I been? | Will I have been? | |
| CONTINUOUS
be + being | + | I was being | I am being | I will be being |
| - | I was not being | I am not being | I will not be being | |
| ? | Was I being? | Am I being? | Will I be being? | |
| CONTINUOUS PERFECT
have been + being | + | I had been being | I have been being | I will have been being |
| - | I had not been being | I have not been being | I will not have been being | |
| ? | Had I been being? | Have I been being? | Will I have been being? | |
In the following table, we see be conjugated for 12 basic tenses.
| SIMPLE | past | present | future | |
| singular | I | was | am | will be |
| you | were | are | will be | |
| he/she/it | was | is | will be | |
| plural | we | were | are | will be |
| you | were | are | will be | |
| they | were | are | will be | |
| PERFECT | past | present | future | |
| singular | I | had been | have been | will have been |
| you | had been | have been | will have been | |
| he/she/it | had been | has been | will have been | |
| plural | we | had been | have been | will have been |
| you | had been | have been | will have been | |
| they | had been | have been | will have been | |
| CONTINUOUS | past | present | future | |
| singular | I | was being | am being | will be being |
| you | were being | are being | will be being | |
| he/she/it | was being | is being | will be being | |
| plural | we | were being | are being | will be being |
| you | were being | are being | will be being | |
| they | were being | are being | will be being | |
| CONTINUOUS PERFECT | past | present | future | |
| singular | I | had been being | have been being | will have been being |
| you | had been being | have been being | will have been being | |
| he/she/it | had been being | has been being | will have been being | |
| plural | we | had been being | have been being | will have been being |
| you | had been being | have been being | will have been being | |
| they | had been being | have been being | will have been being | |
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